![]() ![]() Did you see ?Ĭommon ground is always a great place to start a conversation-especially in an expansive professional setting where you may not have much in common with everyone. Used correctly, it could help you make a good impression or even kick off a constructive, collaborative working relationship. When emailing someone in a professional setting, the way you ask how they are is especially important. 5 alternatives to “How are you?” in an email Why it works: It matches the tone of your friendship, keeping things friendly and light. Situation: DMing a close friend who shares your offbeat sense of humor. Why it works: It shows that you care about them as a person, even if that doesn’t lead to an in-depth conversation about their life. Situation: Chatting with a friendly neighbor you talk to occasionally. Why it works: It’s polite, shows interest in their general well-being, and gets to the point (there’s a lot you don’t know, and you want the highlights). Situation: Running into an old friend you went to high school with at your ten-year reunion. Here are a few more examples of how to use “How are you?” and its alternatives in conversation: You might message, “How are you doing today?” This speaks directly to what you want to know, and it shows them that you understand that things may shift daily, while leaving it up to them about how detailed they want to get in their response.Ĭonversely, if you’re emailing or messaging your manager who just got back from parental leave, something slightly more formal and targeted might make more sense, like “How are you doing with the new baby?” That way you show interest in their major life event while keeping things professional. Let’s say you’re texting a loved one with a chronic health condition. What information you want to know (for example, do you see it as a passing conversation, or do you want a more in-depth dialogue with specific details?).Context of the conversation (how long it’s been since you saw them, what you last spoke about, etc.).General relationship (friend, family member, colleague, acquaintance, etc.).Level of familiarity with the person you’re addressing (this dictates how familiar or formal you should be with them).When is it appropriate to use variations of “How are you?”īeyond tone, there are a few factors you should consider when picking the appropriate way to ask “How are you?” For instance: ![]() So it pays to know when they work, but especially when they don’t. And using the wrong phrase could come off as awkward-or even insensitive in extreme circumstances. What have you been up to since we last talked? You’re looking for an overview of what a person has done since your last conversation, and it could be about a problem they were dealing with at the time.Įach of these conveys a different tone, and the results can vary. It conveys happiness or excitement about your reunion. It’s been a while! This is a casual acknowledgment of a lengthy absence. What’s new with you? You want to know what changes have occurred in a person’s life, typically focusing on the positives. Would you like to talk about X? This is an empathetic inquiry about a potentially sensitive event or aspect of a person’s life-with the built-in option for them to decline. What’s up? This is essentially a casual hello. You’re asking how a person’s life has been lately, in a more general sense. In England, for example, this simply means “How are you?” while Americans may use this phrase to check if someone requires assistance. How are you doing? This is a direct inquiry about how a person is feeling in general.Īre you OK? The meaning of this phrase depends on the context. How are you? This is polite, but it’s not necessarily a serious inquiry about the other person’s well-being. There are many ways to ask this fundamental question, but how you phrase it can imply different things. Grammarly helps you communicate confidently Write with Grammarly 9 ways to ask “How are you?” ![]()
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![]() ![]() The Livonian Confederacy was a loosely organized confederacy under our rule which was created in 1435. Liv_riga_and_secularization_mission_slot Gain country modifier “Honorable Wars” for 20 years, giving the following effects:. ![]()
![]() ![]() But critics argue that Yoon’s incompetence and dogmatic approach have deepened social conflict and division, with serious distortions and democratic backsliding bringing about critical consequences for South Korea’s future. ![]() ![]() Yoon and his PPP supporters claim that their leadership is based on rule of law principles, and that this underpins their administration’s major reforms in labour, pensions and education, among others. This, in addition to other DP lawmakers’ bribery scandals, have brought about a Korean-style lesser evil politics characterized by no responsibility or moral rectitude. The strange balance of evil is caught between the ruling PPP, controlled by Yoon loyalists, that has abandoned party autonomy as if it were the ‘ Yeouido branch of the presidential office’ and the DP acting as a ‘bulletproof vest’ for the judicial risk associated with its head representative, Lee Jae-myung. ![]() Yoon’s value-oriented diplomacy, which also sits at the core of his unilateralism in domestic politics, has also brought about a series of missteps, including repeated diplomatic bungles. These two neighbouring countries remain major challenges for the South Korean government given the growing US–China rivalry and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Still, Yoon’s remarks on value-oriented diplomacy have triggered backlash both at home and abroad, including from China and Russia. Yoon’s unilateralist mode of statecraft, focussed on strengthening the South Korea–US alliance and restoring South Korea–Japan relations under his ‘value-oriented’ diplomacy, especially amid escalating nuclear threats from North Korea, has won him a warm welcome among many democratic ‘friends’, which Yoon has underscored as his major achievement. Many South Koreans feel that Yoon has divided their world into ‘ friend or foe’ with his overbearing right-or-wrong approach, carried over from his background as a public prosecutor. Yoon’s unusually low approval ratings represent widespread public disappointment with his ‘one-sided’ approach to managing state affairs. As for the question about next year’s general elections, 49 per cent said that they want to ‘elect a majority of opposition parties to keep the government in check’, and only 37 per cent would chose to ‘elect a ruling party majority supported by the current government’. Support for Yoon’s conservative People Power Party (PPP) was 35 per cent and support for the main opposition Democratic Party (DP) stood at 32 per cent. Public opinion is fluctuating significantly as voters feel they will have to pick between the lesser of two evils in the legislative elections in April 2024.Ī June 2023 poll recorded that Yoon’s approval rating had fallen to 35 per cent, while his disapproval rating was 57 per cent. Both the ruling and opposition parties appear unattractive to voters. Since the anniversary of Yoon Suk-yeol’s ascent to South Korea’s presidency was marked in May 2023, public doubt over Yoon’s apparently arbitrary administration of state affairs has grown. Economics, Politics and Public Policy in East Asia and the Pacific ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() She is a vegan athlete and wife of Rich Roll. This book looks in to how to make vegan cheeses at home and was written by Julie Piatt. There are nut related recipes in this book but there are vegan cheeses to be made without the use of nuts.įor those who are ready to take a deep dive in to the world of artisan vegan cheeses, the book with the same title Artisan Vegan Cheese will have you learning new recipes and methods for years to come, including some other dairy alternative foods like yoghurts and creams and dips. If you are allergic to nuts, we would recommend the Vegan Cheese: Simple, Delicious Plant-Based Recipes. You will be looking at cultures, ageing and using high-tech kitchen equipment and ingredients you may not have used before in cooking. If you are looking for an intermediate or advanced cheese making guide and cookbook, the other 3 books offer many more recipes and different introductions to vegan cheese making, some with nuts, others without. This offers 70 recipes for plant-based cheeses and is a great introduction. Closely followed by Super Easy Vegan Cheese Cookbook. Out of the five choices this is the most basic and quickest to get you going. ![]() If you are interested in quick recipes, dips and spreadable cheeses, Vegan Cheese: Simple, Delicious Plant Based Cheeses is the book for you. There are some very exciting books below which delve in to this in much more detail and you truly do go on a journey when creating these recipes. That is right, once you create something in a dish, you may have to age it, this could be done through time itself or via a dehydrator to help cure and age it. That means that part of the process may include fermentation and ageing. Time and culture, two things you wouldn't expect with vegan cheeses, like dairy cheeses is that you can age them. Most of the vegan cheese recipes from the books are based on nuts as their main ingredient and below we look in to what the recipe books have to offer the new and budding vegan. With most of the recipes from these books below you may need extra kitchen equipment, such as dehydrators, blenders, specific dishes and so on. When looking through some of the recipes and ingredients required, you may even think you're making potions at some points. We had heard of a lot of the unique ingredients before but never ourselve's created anything with them. There are also some ingredients that you may have never used before, we sure haven't. This isn't a requirement with all of the books, two of which have a simpler and more minimal approach to vegan cheese making.Īll you need is a kitchen and some cooking equipment and the urge to give some non dairy cheeses a chance. Other than some of the fantastic books below, you will need some decent kitchen equipment and even specialised equipment in some cases. What Will You Need To Make Your Own Vegan Cheeses Here we look at the five best vegan cheese cookbooks which can help you explore other areas of vegan cooking and plant based recipes. There are literally hundreds of vegan cheeses available to discover on the discovery page we have created but instead you might want to spend your own time on creating cheeses for you and your friends to enjoy. ![]() The world now has plenty of plant based options for you and as well as buying vegan cheeses online or at your local health food store, you can make exquisite and tasty vegan cheeses at home, to have whenever you want, with whomever you want.Īs well as vegan cheese start kits, a vegan cheese cook book can get you started on your own plant based cheese journey. We found removing dairy cheese from our diet one of the hardest food types to give up. If you're looking for a present for a friend or yourself, and wanting to explore the world of vegan and plant based cheeses, why not take a dip in to vegan cheese books and recipes. ![]() ![]() ![]() WATCH THE GAME: Watch the NBA for free with a 7-day trial to fuboTV! In this story, we are digging into Gobert’s stats and trends to help you find the best picks among his prop bets for this outing. He is first in the NBA, producing 14.7 rebounds per game. ![]() "If we're going to outrebound teams by 20, at some point they're going to have to think twice about going small," Snyder said.Rudy Gobert and the Utah Jazz play the Brooklyn Nets on Monday at 7:30 PM ET. One night it might be me, one night it might be someone else."Īfter a few more games like Game 1, teams might just start to question the common strategy against the Jazz. But at the same time, I thought for the most part of the game, I thought we moved the ball," Gobert said. It's a sacrifice he's willing to make, though he'd prefer to get a few more shots up. "For him to get one shot, that's just another example of someone throwing themselves into the group," Snyder said. The Jazz struggled to get clean looks from deep, and the Mavs sold out to stop the lob to Gobert. ![]() And his ability to do that is central to how we play defense."ĭallas was able to slow Utah's top-ranked offense in Game 1. "The fact that we've been making that analysis of a guy who can actually protect the rim and then go out and contest a 3 says a lot about what he's capable of doing. "Rudy gets evaluated on a lot of things, sometimes two of them at the same time," Snyder said. YqUHR6KRIL- Caitlin Cooper April 16, 2022 That was different, as Indy Cornrows writer Caitlin Cooper showed here:Īs a lifelong Jazz fan, look at this rotation with Gobert protecting the rim and swapping recovery paths with Mitchell on the closeout compared to when they got more than they bargained for from Mann in the corner. When Gobert was forced to collapse from the corner, Utah's guards were quick to rotate to Gobert's man, and that gave Gobert time to recover back out to the perimeter. That's exactly what killed the Jazz against the Los AngelesClippers last season.īut Utah threw an interesting - and potentially season-altering - wrinkle into things on Saturday. A guard could penetrate the lane, which forced Gobert to dive down to stop a layup and then the ball would kick out for an open corner 3-point shot. Why the Jazz have struggled in the past against smaller lineups is because their guards have struggled to contain the ball and then failed to rotate when Gobert came to help. "When teams go small against us, we have to use our strengths."Īnd no, that isn't posting up Gobert. "When they went small - you guys realize that teams go small against us sometimes? - we outrebounded them by 20 rebounds," coach Quin Snyder said. The Mavericks scored just 93 points - in today's NBA that's practically unheard of. He grabbed 17 rebounds against the smaller Mavs and forced Dallas into tough shot after tough shot. How can a player that scores 5 points take over a contest? Gobert answered that question on Saturday. He is one of the most fascinating players in the league because his mastery in games isn't always so obvious. Here are some other stats: Dallas shot 38.2% for the game and 9 of 32 from 3-point range, Utah won the rebounding battle 63-42, and the Mavs were 8 of 16 at the rim. Not exactly something that screams dominance, except he was. It had spread the Jazz out and pulled him away from the rim, and Utah wasn't able to counter with Gobert down low on the other end.Ī look at Gobert's stat line from Saturday and it would be easy to think that was the case again: He was 0 for 1 for 5 points. Usually, when such a question is posed to the All-Star center, it's because a dreaded small-ball lineup had taken advantage of Utah's Gobert-reliant scheme. Well, maybe not 7-foot-4 Dallas reserve Boban Marjanovic (who is not expected to see much time during the series), but point taken. "Everyone looks small to me," Gobert said with only a hint of sarcasm after Utah's 99-93 win over Dallas in Game 1. Reading or replaying the story in itsĪrchived form does not constitute a republication of the story.ĭALLAS - When Rudy Gobert was asked about the need to "punish" teams for going small against the Jazz, he had a zinger locked and loaded. Only for your personal, non-commercial use. ![]() ![]() ![]() For, fragile or high value items, we STRONGLY RECOMMEND contacting Mail Boxes Etc email 01245 262527 or we can pack for an alternative courier (£8 per parcel). No official Department of Defense endorsement implied by use of external links or commercial advertising. Please note that Lacy Scott & Knight DO NOT accept any liability for loss or damage, however caused. You can simply add your postage costs to your invoice amount by bank transfer or when paying online Please give clear instructions when settling your account as to your shipping requirements so that we can process full payment and ship within 10 working days. If you instruct your own courier packing is charged at £8 per parcel. Lacy Scott & Knight accept no liability for items which are damaged or lost during postage, and cannot and will not assist in any claims unless insurance cover has been taken out. Alternatively we can send by Parcelforce 48 with insurance charged at £4 upto £500 cover, £8-£1000 cover, £12-£1500 and £20-£2500 cover. Please note that this service is NOT insured, therefore if purchasers require further cover, then they must arrange this themselves. Jewellery, watches, coins and high value small items will be sent by Royal Mail Special Delivery with maximum insurance of £2500. ![]() Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland & the islands - £25 for up to 3 lots then £1.50 per lot thereafter Some exclusions apply for larger lots such as dinner services, please contact our offices for a quote with regards to larger or bulkier lots. Our standard mainland UK charge is £20 for up to 3 lots, and £1.50 per lot thereafter, regardless of weight (max.30kg). We use APC Couriers and everything is sent 24 hour tracked and signed for. Please note that Books are sold subject to no return.Īt YOUR liability, we offer a fully tracked postage & packing service within mainland UK and across the globe for most items. Of course, you are also very welcome to come along on the day! We are located in the heart of beautiful Bury St Edmunds and have our own car park.ĪRR - Artist's Resale Rights of 4% are applied to works of art by a UK/EEA living artist or an artist who has died within the last 70 years, which sell for over £1000. Telephone bids can be booked for lots with an estimate of £300+, please call our offices to arrange this. You can bid through our website or email commission bids to (include your full contact details, lot number and bid amount). Once you have registered your details through our website, you won't need to re-register for future sales - just sign in and start bidding! Please note that if you register for our auction on first, then you will be liable for their 4.95% plus VAT fee. ![]() This platform uses technology and is completely secure. You can register and bid live while the auction is taking place through our LSKlive portal which becomes available half an hour before the auction is due to start. How to bid Buyers Premium 22.5% plus VAT normally applies. ![]() ![]() ![]() As simple as that.Yahoo is streamlining its advertising offering to focus on fewer but more popular ad products in what could be the last throw of the dice in its attempt to keep pace with Google and Facebook. ![]() After that, click on the ads that you want to block and a user-defined rule will be automatically generated to block the selected ads. Just select the menu "Select ad components to block." from the ad blocker drop down menu. You can customize the toolbar and add the "Ad Blocker" button to the toolbar so that you can have quicker access to the ad blocker control options.įind a piece of ad not captured by the selected filtering rules? You can kill it easily. Quick Access to Ad blocker options from toolbar You can also add any third-party filter subscriptions by specifying its title and URL at the bottom of the options dialog. If you are concerned about being tracked by the advertising scripts, select the "Privacy Protection List" as well. Otherwise, select "English sites" and the native language you are using. If you visit English sites only, select "English sites" only. ![]() Select one or more filter lists based on the language of the websites you visit. ![]() Select "Ad blocker options" from the ad blocker menu to open the ad blocker options dialog. Just select "Disable on this site" or "Disable on entire domain". If that happens, you can disable the ad blocker on a per-domain basis. Sometimes the ad blocker might block components that you want to see in a web page. Otherwise, there might be some conflict and the performance of the browser will significantly reduced. Please do not enable any other ad blocker, ad stopper / ad killer extensions when you have enabled the built-in ad blocker. To enable ad blocker in Slimjet, select "Ad blocker->Enable ad blocker" from the browser menu. The rules will be updated every 30 days to adapt to the changes on the websites. The ad blocker in Slimjet is powered by the same community-maintained ad blocking filter rules used by Adblock Plus. Since the ad-filtering operations are run every time a single piece of web resource (an image, a script, a style sheet or a web page) is loaded, the built-in ad blocker can have a significant performance advantage over javascript-based ad-blocker extensions. To get optimum performance and minimize memory consumption, we have chosen to implement the ad-blocking functionality directly within the application-level code in C++ in Slimjet. In addition to performance issue, Chrome extensions also take an additional process per extension, adding up to the memory overhead. While the ad-blocking extenisons do the job reasonally well, Chrome extensions are based on Javascript and slower than native implementations in C++. Examples include " Adblock plus", " AdBlock", " Adguard AdBlocker". Many users block the ads with third-party ad-blocking extensions. Built-in Ad Blocker vs Ad Blocking Extensions. By blocking the ads, you can ensure maximum protection for your privacy. In addition to that, many of the scripts that serve the ads track your browsing behavior and profile your online identity. It drags down the performance of your entire browser and shortens the battery life if you are using a portable device. Some of the rich-media video ads take a lot of memory and keep your CPU busy. They also consume your bandwidth and slow down your Internet connection. The ads are not only annoying and distracting. Are you fed up with all the ads on the Internet? The ads exist pretty much everywhere, such as Google, Yahoo, Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, etc. ![]() ![]() What creates the perception of noise in the ears? While there are many possible causes of tinnitus, some people develop it for no known reason. Diabetes, migraines, thyroid disorders, anemia, and certain autoimmune disorders such as lupus and multiple sclerosis are among the chronic conditions that have been linked to tinnitus. High blood pressure, atherosclerosis, or malformations in blood vessels, especially if they are in or close to the ear, can alter blood flow and cause tinnitus. Acoustic neuromas and other head, neck, and brain tumors can cause tinnitus. A vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) is a benign tumor on a nerve that leads from the inner ear to the brain. Jaw clenching or tooth grinding can damage surrounding tissue, causing or worsening tinnitus. The joint that connects the lower jaw to the skull is close to the ear. Tinnitus can be a symptom of Ménière’s disease, an inner ear disorder that can also cause balance problems and hearing loss. Less common tinnitus risk factors include: A head/neck injury can damage structures of the ear, the nerve that carries sound signals to the brain, or areas of the brain that process sound, causing tinnitus. Blockage of the ear canal by earwax or by fluid from an ear infection can trigger tinnitus. Medications associated with tinnitus include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin), certain antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, anti-malaria medications, and antidepressants. Tinnitus can be a side effect of taking certain medications, especially if they are taken at high doses. Some people with hearing loss, however, never develop tinnitus. Hearing loss, which can be caused by factors such as aging or exposure to loud noise, is strongly associated with tinnitus. Tinnitus is also the most common service-related disability among veterans because of loud noise they may have experienced from gunfire, machinery, bomb blasts, or other similar sources. Many people experience tinnitus after being exposed to loud noise in a workplace setting or at a sporting event or concert. While the exact causes of tinnitus are not fully understood, it has been linked to the following: Often, objective tinnitus has an identifiable cause and is treatable. In these cases, a doctor may be able to hear the sounds with a stethoscope and, if so, it is considered to be objective tinnitus. In rare cases, the sound pulsates rhythmically, often in time to your heartbeat. Most cases of tinnitus are subjective, meaning that only you can hear the sounds. This is called somatosensory (pronounced so-ma-toe-SENSE-uh-ree) tinnitus. Sometimes, moving your head, neck, or eyes, or touching certain parts of your body may produce tinnitus symptoms or temporarily change the quality of the perceived sound. It may come and go or be present all the time. The sound may be soft or loud and may be low or high pitched. The phantom sound may ring, buzz, roar, whistle, hum, click, hiss, or squeal. You may hear phantom sounds in one ear, in both ears, and in your head. The symptoms of tinnitus can vary significantly from person to person. Common approaches include the use of sound therapy devices (including hearing aids), behavioral therapies, and medications. ![]() In severe cases, tinnitus can lead to anxiety or depression.Ĭurrently, there is no cure for tinnitus, but there are ways to reduce symptoms. ![]() However, some people find that it affects their mood and their ability to sleep or concentrate. Tinnitus is only rarely associated with a serious medical problem and is usually not severe enough to interfere with daily life. The causes of tinnitus are unclear, but most people who have it have some degree of hearing loss. When tinnitus lasts for three months or longer, it is considered chronic. For children and adults, tinnitus may improve or even go away over time, but in some cases, it worsens with time. ![]() ![]() Tinnitus is common, with surveys estimating that 10 to 25% of adults have it. Tinnitus is commonly described as a ringing sound, but some people hear other types of sounds, such as roaring or buzzing. Tinnitus (pronounced tih-NITE-us or TIN-uh-tus) is the perception of sound that does not have an external source, so other people cannot hear it. Congressional Testimony and the NIDCD Budget.Research Training in NIDCD Laboratories (Intramural).Types of Research Training Funding Opportunities.About NIDCD's Research Training Program.Scientific Workshop and Meeting Reports.Building a Diverse Scientific Workforce. ![]() ![]() ![]() The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". ![]() These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. If you like it, you'll have to pony up a whopping two bucks (via an in-app purchase) to lift that restriction and make it work with your entire image collection.Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Last but not least, prepare your virtual piggybank: By default, Photo Screensaver shows only your 50 oldest photos - basically a trial mode so you can check the app out and see if it's right for you. Make sure Photo Screensaver is selected, and set how much time you want to go by before the screensaver kicks in. Once you have everything set to your liking, you'll want to hop over to the Display section of the main Android TV settings and look for the option labeled "Daydream" (yes, that term was used for screensavers on Android before it became the name of Google's new VR platform). Oh, and make a mental note: With this setup, you can manually skip forward or back anytime the slideshow is playing - if you ever come across a photo you want to bypass quickly or maybe see again - by pressing the forward or back button on your Android TV remote. There's a setting called "Smart Random" that's supposed to help "intelligently" pick what pictures are displayed, but I've found we've gotten far better variety with that feature disabled in fact, my wife and I have both noticed that we're seeing a much more varied and diverse selection of images now than we ever did with the Chromecast, which for some reason always seemed to revisit the same relatively small pool of pictures from our collection. You can also pick what sort of info is shown on the screen along with each image - a clock, the name of any currently playing music track, and photo date or album info. The app lets you select exactly how long each image should stay on the screen as well as how different types of photos should be handled in terms of cropping or fitting to your TV's dimensions. And you can specify which albums you want to be included from any of those services, in case you need to exclude certain (ahem) extra- personal photos from being featured. You can also opt to connect it to Facebook, Flickr, and 500px in addition, if you have images in any of those places and want some extra variety. ![]() The first thing you'll want to do, of course, is connect the app to your Google Photos library. The app you want is by a developer named Furnaghan.) Open that sucker up, and take a minute to poke around through the options. (Open the Play Store app on Android TV, then search for that title and install it. Ready? All you've gotta do is download an app called Photo Screensaver onto your Android TV box. The Android TV-Google Photos screensaver solution In fact, it's actually quite a bit better than the native implementation on Chromecast. And sure enough, I found a pretty simple workaround for getting Google Photos to work as the screensaver on an Android TV device. But let's save that discussion for another time, you handsome devil."Īnd so I started digging. Find a way."Īnd then I thought, "You know, it's kinda weird that you address yourself by name when you're talking in your own head. You write a column about Android stuff, for Goog's sake. I actually considered aborting our Android TV experience entirely when I dug through our new Mi Box's settings and discovered there was no option to create a custom screensaver with Google Photos. And when it comes to Google, logic doesn't always apply. Well, it turns out I forgot one critical fact: This is Google we're talking about. ![]() ![]() ![]() Also, we optimised in 2016 a four-stage procedure for fat in olive fruits using 100 mL of solvent for 2.5 h. We validated in 2005 a five-stage analytical procedure for PAHs in airborne particles using the NIST 1649a (National Institute of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) where extraction was performed by Soxhlet with 250 mL of solvent for 10 h. Optimisation of the new procedure: extraction, purification and quantification The relevance of the work is the fact that many modern techniques that reduce solvent volume and time consumption are costly when there is currently a global crisis due to SARS-CoV-2.Īll solvents used in the present study were of analytical and chromatographic grade. This spiking technique constituted an innovative idea in validation techniques. Additionally, the reference material was mixed with small pieces of unexposed filter, taking the mixture as a new reference for the same matrix of real samples of particles, which are collected on filters during the sampling. Regarding the validation process, suitable certified reference materials should be used, but it is much better with two references to confirm the suitability of the method. The method was based on an improved and more rapid Soxhlet extraction plus an improved, short and more efficient SPE technique for the 16 PAHs included in the US EPA priority pollutant list in airborne particles. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to optimise and validate a low-cost and rapid extraction methodology with low time and solvent consumption. Additionally, after extraction step, it needed purification steps by solid-phase extraction techniques like packed columns of silica, Florisil®, alumina or mixtures. An improved Soxhlet technique, called hot Soxhlet, heats the extractor body at lower temperature than the boiling point of solvents to keep it in the liquid state. Soxhlet extraction represents an inexpensive method for solid samples, nevertheless is rather time-consuming and requires high solvent consumption. However, these new techniques are expensive. In order to speed up sample preparation, new methodologies such as accelerated solvent extraction or microwave-assisted solvent extraction or ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction have been developed, saving processing time and solvent consumption. Traditional extraction procedures for PAHs involve many techniques, such as direct extraction with organic solvents, sonication and Soxhlet extraction. Determination of low levels of PAHs in complex matrices such as atmospheric particles leads to a search for accurate analytical methodologies, which need to be optimised and validated with recognized material references. In the atmospheric environment, PAH emissions are well known, as they originated from car exhausts, domestic combustion, industrial activities, agriculture activities and natural sources, such as biomass burning. Similar measures were taken by other European organizations. ![]() ![]() The European Commission exposed a wide toxicological guidance since the 2001 position paper to the Europe 2020 strategy. These hazardous hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) led international organisations to establish policies for the environment and indoor air. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are lipophilic compounds with important carcinogenic risk. ![]() |
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